家長必看！B型腦膜炎雙球菌盛行｜死亡率達16%¹³！幼童屬高危 暑假外遊＋準備開學需注意⁵'¹⁵

B型腦膜炎雙球菌｜本地MenB感染個案佔多數

腦膜炎雙球菌有不同血清型，雖然共有六種可致病的血清群會引起腦膜炎及其他嚴重疾病：最常見的是 A、B、C、Y 和 W135，而在非洲則較少見的為 X ¹。在2025年，本地腦膜炎雙球菌感染個案以Men-B佔多數，近73%²。

腦膜炎雙球菌可存活於喉嚨和鼻腔，大約每10人中就有1人是無症狀帶菌者⁸。腦膜炎雙球菌初期感染症狀與流感相似，如發燒、頭痛等，令人難以辨別¹⁸，更可怕是，病情或可能在24小時內急速轉差，甚至死亡^4,,5,18。感染細菌型腦膜炎死亡率高達16%，約每6人染病就有1人死亡¹³，足見其威脅絕不可輕視。

*11 個案例中有 8 個²³

B型腦膜炎雙球菌｜哪些人屬高危感染者？

B型腦膜炎雙球菌感染在嬰兒及幼兒中的發病率最高^1,5,6,7。幼童的免疫系統尚未發育成熟，身體缺乏足夠的抵抗力²⁰。

一般而言，與腦膜炎雙球菌感染者有緊密接觸的人士，感染風險較高²⁴，而學校正正是高度密集的群體環境¹⁹。因此市民應保持良好個人及環境衛生，並在出現呼吸道症狀時佩戴口罩及及早求醫，如出現發燒、頸部僵硬、頭痛、混亂、畏光或噁心嘔吐等症狀，亦應盡早求醫 ^3,18。

不過，其實任何人都有可能感染腦膜炎雙球菌，除5歲以下的嬰幼兒外，青少年、海外升學及外遊人士都屬高危一族^5,13,15。當中以青少年帶菌率最高，帶菌比率高達35%²¹。

B型腦膜炎雙球菌｜暑假外遊 增加幼兒感染 MenB風險

中國內地、日本、歐洲等地是暑假親子遊熱門目的地。然而，要留意的是全球多地近年流行B型腦膜炎雙球菌，在感染病例中包括港人熱門旅遊或升學地——英國（86.5%）⁹、澳洲（82.8%）¹⁰、中國內地（>50%）²²、加拿大（40%）¹¹、日本（26%）¹²等都存在感染風險。

的確，家長帶子女外遊，少不免乘搭飛機或旅遊巴等，或是到訪主題樂園、室內遊樂場及大型商場等熱門景點，若處於人流極度密集及通風欠佳的環境中，病原體可更容易透過咳嗽、打噴嚏或親密接觸（如接吻）所產生的飛沫在人與人之間傳播，從而顯著增加感染風險。若一旦感染，其後果可能相當嚴重^13,19。

*B型病例佔腦膜炎雙球菌感染比率

B型腦膜炎雙球菌｜感染 MenB 可能會留下甚麼後遺症？

若腦膜炎雙球菌入侵血液（腦膜炎雙球菌血症）或包圍腦部及脊髓的內膜（流行性腦膜炎）時，可引致嚴重病症、侵入性腦膜炎雙球菌感染更可引致關節炎、心肌炎、眼內炎或肺炎²⁵，若情況嚴重更可造成死亡¹³。每5名感染者就有1人出現嚴重後遺症¹³，每 5 名曾患細菌性腦膜炎並存活下來的人當中，約有 1 名可能會出現持續的後遺症。這些後遺症包括聽力喪失、癲癇發作、肢體無力，以及視力、說話、語言、記憶和溝通方面的困難，亦可包括敗血症後出現的疤痕及肢體截肢^13,14,25。

無論是暑假即將到來，或是迎接開學新挑戰，提醒各位家長提高警覺，為仔女做好健康防禦，包括留意腦膜炎雙球菌隨時入侵，建議宜先諮詢專業醫護人員，提早了解有效的預防措施。

參考資料

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